Ok, I'll admit it. I made a similar mistake once. Brought both 40S&W and 357 sig handloads to the range to play with my G31 and a 40S&W conversion barrel. Switched back and forth a couple of times to compare accuracy, recoil etc. then got sidetracked by a buddy who stopped by. When I went back to shooting I stuffed in a preloaded mag andsent the first round down range. It sounded very weak. I saw the impact though and the gun did cycle so wrote it off to a low charge and fired another. Same thing. Then it dawned on me. DOH!! On checkign the mag I found I had fired a pair of 357 sig rounds out of the 40 S&W barrel. FWIW, the fired brass looked ok (as it was largely supported by the 40 S&W chamber). The neck fire formed from 357 to 40 nicely though.
FWIW, I felt really dumb for letting myself get distracted like that. Dangerous stuff! The reassuring news is that had it been the other way around, the 40 round never would have allowed the gun into battery if I tried to stuff it into a 357sig chamber. In any case, it won't happen again.