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WA Supreme Court: ‘2nd Amendment applies to the states via 14th Amendment due process

G

GOAL C.M.

Wow, blockbuster decision in Washington State!

The Washington State Supreme Court delivered a haymaker to anti-gunners – and strong reinforcement to gun rights advocates – Thursday morning when it handed down an opinion in the case of State v. Sieyes that states bluntly, “We hold the Second Amendment applies to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause.”

The majority opinion, written by Justice Richard B. Sanders, was signed by five other justices including Chief Justice Barbara A. Madsen, with a (sort-of) concurring opinion from Justice Debra L. Stephens that takes issue with the incorporation premise, and a partly-concurring and partly-dissenting opinion from Justice James M. Johnson that argues the majority ruling isn’t strong enough.

Although the issue of incorporation is at the heart of McDonald v. Chicago, the Second Amendment Foundation's case now before the United States Supreme Court for which oral arguments are scheduled March 2, Sanders notes in his majority state-level opinion that even though the high court “did not expressly consider incorporation of the right to bear arms” in the June 2008 Heller ruling, “that need not stop the rest of us.” He maintains that lower courts “need not wait for the Supreme Court” on the question of incorporation. (Read more about the McDonald case here.)

“The Constitution is the rule of all courts—both state and federal judiciaries wield power to strike down unconstitutional government acts,” Sanders writes.


The Second Amendment right to bear arms applies to the states through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.-Washington State Supreme Court, State v. Sieyes


The case involves a then-17-year-old defendant, Christopher Sieyes, who was a passenger in a car pulled over by a Kitsap County sheriff’s deputy. The deputy found a loaded Bursa .380 ACP pistol under Sieyes’ seat and arrested him. In October 2007, the trial court found Sieyes guilty of second degree illegal firearms possession, and the teen appealed on several grounds, one of which is that state law prohibiting firearms possession by certain individuals is “an absolute prohibition on firearm possession by minors” and is therefore unconstitutional.

Thursday’s ruling went against Sieyes’ argument that the law violates his constitutional rights, under either the federal or state constitutions. Part of the case was remanded back to the Court of Appeals for further action.

In her concurring opinion supporting the court’s position that Sieyes’ rights were not violated, which was also signed by Justice Mary E. Fairhurst, Justice Stephens argued against the court’s eagerness to take a position on incorporation, since it has yet to be decided by the U.S. Supreme Court.


Having determined the Second Amendment protects individual rights against state interference...'-Justice Richard B. Sanders


“For me,” Stephens writes, “the discussion ends there, and I would refrain from engaging in an extended exploration of the unsettled question of federal incorporation of the Second Amendment. Restraint is particularly appropriate here because the very question is currently pending before the United States Supreme Court.

“I do not believe this is an instance where there is anything to be accomplished,” she adds, “particularly as our opinion is likely to be eclipsed before the ink it takes to print it is dry.”

Johnson, taking issue with the court majority for not applying strict scrutiny to its examination of Sieyes’ constitutional claim, writes, “the majority disregards our long-standing national tradition allowing younger citizens to bear arms and the level of protection that we customarily accord to fundamental rights. I therefore write separately to emphasize that strict scrutiny is the appropriate standard of review for Second Amendment challenges to statutes restricting these important constitutional rights.


Strict scrutiny is the appropriate standard of review for Second Amendment challenges to statutes restricting these important constitutional rights. - Justice James M. Johnson, Concur/Dissent in part


“This conclusion is inescapable,” he continues, “when one considers the fundamental nature of the right to keep and bear arms throughout our nation’s history and our legacy of extending that right to young people. Youth have been permitted and even on occasion requested to bear arms since our country’s nascent days and throughout the history of our state.

“What were these teenagers fighting for,” Johnson asks. “I remind the court that, among other things, they fought for the right to bear arms…”

Under existing statute, Sieyes should not have had that pistol under his car seat, but this case has opened a can of worms for gun prohibitionists, and the lid may be off permanently, depending how the U.S. Supreme Court rules in the McDonald case in late May or early June.


However, if the recent performances of both former Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels and his successor, Mike McGinn are any indication, anti-gunners will likely pursue their childish demand that the law be changed. Nickels was advised by Attorney General Rob McKenna that his desire to ban guns in the city was illegal. He did it, anyway and left McGinn and the city holding that bag. The other day, King County Superior Court Judge Catherine Shaffer ripped a hole in the bag, causing McGinn to infamously rant that he wants the legislature to change the law, something Nickels had lobbied for when he was in office.

The Sanders opinion sends a strong signal that Seattle will fare poorly if it appeals Shaffer’s ruling, because it squarely positions the state Supreme Court’s position on gun rights.

If commentator Ken Schram’s blistering criticism of McGinn on KOMO Wednesday evening upset the mayor’s stomach and gave group indigestion to the minions over at Washington CeaseFire, Thursday’s state Supreme Court ruling should guarantee them ulcers.

Full Story Here!
 
Assuredly, the Mass legislature will challenge it. Until it comes from SCOTUS, it means shit to MA residents.
 
Considering that the SCOTUS is already considering the question, this ruling may mean absolutely nothing. But it's in the right direction.
 
Everyone take a deep breath.

The full text of the opinion in question can be found at http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/index.cfm?fa=opinions.showOpinion&filename=821542MAJ

In sum, the Washington court held: (A) the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment, but (B) the Second Amendment is not violated by the Washington statute banning the possession of firearms by minors under most circumstances.

Two things to observe:

First: this opinion is binding, on the "incorporation issue," only on the lower state courts in the state of Washington.

Second: this opinion violates a fairly fundamental issue of American jurisprudence, to wit: Courts should only decide issues that are necessary to the outcome of the case. If, in fact, the Washington statute would not violate the Second Amendment -- even if the Second Amendment is "incorporated" -- then whether or not it is incorporated is irrelevant to the defendant's appeal. In short, what the Court wrote on "incorporation" is obiter dictum, something other courts tend to ignore.
 
At the least it's good to see this kind of mindset in some of our higher courts.

That much is true.

Also true is that the "incorporation" argument stated in this opinion is well and succinctly stated. It would be something that, had it appeared in a Law Review article, might well have influenced, or at least been cited in support by, a hypothetical Supreme Court opinion in our favor.

Being dicta, however, is its kiss of death. A properly trained lawyer could not even cite this case as authority for "incorporation" without using the signal "(dictum)" in his citation, which means no one would bother to read it. And U.S. Supreme Court justices in particular are death on lower court judges and justices who use the bench as a pulpit from which to publish gratuitous personal opinions.

For that reason, and strictly on the question of its potential influence on the pending "incorporation" cases: no help at all.
 
Im confused, did the kid in question still have a guilty verdict hanging over him or what?

Yes, the ruling was upheld and he remain convicted of a crime. The Washington Supreme court just placed a warning shot over the bow of an uppity anti gun movement there in Seattle who is engaging in a lot of specious bull shit.
 
Nice ruling, now all we need is the feds to come through for us, without butchering their decision by hamstringing it.
 
RKG,

As you stated, the court held that the 2nd amendment was incorporated through the 14th amendment. Dicta, by definition, is anything that is not relevant to the holding. Therefore, the incorporation issue is hardly dicta.

Did the court absolutely have to determine Incorporation? No, as indicated by the concurring opinion. However, the court decided to determine whether or not the 2A was incorporated before it scrutinized the law to determine whether or not it was Constitutional. Why determine if the law violated the 2A if it doesn't have to? The court was not over-reaching.

Also true is that the "incorporation" argument stated in this opinion is well and succinctly stated. It would be something that, had it appeared in a Law Review article, might well have influenced, or at least been cited in support by, a hypothetical Supreme Court opinion in our favor.

How is a law review article more persuasive than a decision from a State's highest court?

This decision will be discussed in McDonald, and it can only help us.
 
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I continue to be dumbfounded by the concerns over incorporation.

What possible rationale could the U.S. Supreme Court put forward to explain that they've already recognized that the 2nd Amendment includes an individual right to keep and bear arms, but that the founding fathers only intended for that right to pertain to citizens of Washington, D.C.

Do people here REALLY think that the justices meant for only citizens of D.C. to be able to defend themselves.

It just seems that incorporation is a formality to the extent that it hasn't already been declared by the court and that the court in Washington state is perfectly correct in declaring what is obvious.
 
Agreed. Incorporation in McDonald is an all but foregone conclusion. The only question the justices have to answer is the degree of scrutiny to be applied.

BTW, this ruling doesn't surprise me. WA is staunchly pro 2A and their state constitution supports the same. If fact when you get a WA CCW license they give you a little booklet that reminds you of your rights under the US and WA constitutions.
 
I continue to be dumbfounded by the concerns over incorporation.

What possible rationale could the U.S. Supreme Court put forward to explain that they've already recognized that the 2nd Amendment includes an individual right to keep and bear arms, but that the founding fathers only intended for that right to pertain to citizens of Washington, D.C.

Do people here REALLY think that the justices meant for only citizens of D.C. to be able to defend themselves.

It just seems that incorporation is a formality to the extent that it hasn't already been declared by the court and that the court in Washington state is perfectly correct in declaring what is obvious.

no, the question is weather it applies to the FEDERAL gov or both FED and state.

The incorporation of the bill of rights has been a slow process.
 
As you stated, the court held that the 2nd amendment was incorporated through the 14th amendment. Dicta, by definition, is anything that is not relevant to the holding. Therefore, the incorporation issue is hardly dicta.

The conventional view is that a "holding" is limited to a ruling that is syllogistically necessary to the result reached. The Court's opinion on "incorporation" vel non was not necessary to the result reached. Most courts would therefore consider it dictum.


How is a law review article more persuasive than a decision from a State's highest court?.

What is "persuasive" is the logic of an argument, if you read it. The author of a Law Review note is allowed to express a legal opinion on a subject that interests him. The writer of a judicial opinion is not. If you are offended by this breach of judicial restraint, then you will likely ignore the substance of the procedurally offensive opinion.
 
no, the question is weather it applies to the FEDERAL gov or both FED and state.

The incorporation of the bill of rights has been a slow process.

My point was that if 'incorporation' never occurs, then one would have to assume that the SC intends that only citizens of Washington D.C. have an individual right to keep and bear arms.

Incorporation therefore is a formality (as the Washington state court essentially concluded) and is only a matter of time. Meanwhile nobody should assume that incorporation won't occur ... it simply makes no sense, and everyone should proceed as though it has occurred.

To me, that means states should start backinging off laws that fly in the face of an individual right. They should be anticipating the rulings to come from the SC.
 
My point was that if 'incorporation' never occurs, then one would have to assume that the SC intends that only citizens of Washington D.C. have an individual right to keep and bear arms.

Incorporation therefore is a formality (as the Washington state court essentially concluded) and is only a matter of time. Meanwhile nobody should assume that incorporation won't occur ... it simply makes no sense, and everyone should proceed as though it has occurred.

To me, that means states should start backinging off laws that fly in the face of an individual right. They should be anticipating the rulings to come from the SC.

The SCOTUS ruling in Heller was a ruling stating the the Federal Government can not make laws restricting ones right to keep and bear arms, and the reason it didn't have an effect on the states and requires further legal arguments is that DC isn't a sovereign state, it's a federal district, so it has never needed the incorporation argument.

This is where the incorporation arguments come into play, each right listed in the 1st Ten Amendments has gone under the "incorporation" microscope in the SCOTUS, meaning that a state by becoming part of the union has incorporated those rights to all it's citizens.

The legal argument for many years was that the 1st Ten Amendments only applied to the Federal Government and not the states verse the belief that the 1st Ten Amendments applied to all states that joined the Union.

Under the 14th Amendment, incorporation is a way to fuse these two beliefs, meaning that any state that accepted being part of the Union incorporated those rights, but each right has had to go into the incorporation argument 1 by 1, not as a whole, and that's what leads us to the present day argument being heard in the case of McDonald vs Chicago, Gura is using the 14th Amendments Privileges and Immunities clause, where as the NRA wants to use the Due Process clause, the P&I is far more broad and effects more than just the 2A, the Due Process is far more narrow and would only effect the 2A, but may be used by others in the future to argue other rights.

Here's a quote from http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/conlaw/incorp.htm that might help a little.

The debate over whether the Fourteenth Amendment makes applicable against the states all of the protections of the Bill of Rights is one of the most important and longest-lasting debates involving interpretation of the U. S. Constitution. The Supreme Court's first interpretation of the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment, adopted in 1868, was rendered in The Slaughterhouse Cases just five years later.
By a 5 to 4 vote the Court in that case narrowly interpreted the Privileges and Immunities Clause, thought to be the most likely basis for enforcing individual rights against states.
In subsequent cases, attention focused on the Due Process Clause. Beginning in the early twentieth century the Court began to selectively incorporate some of the specific provisions of the Bill of Rights while rejecting the incorporation of others.
The Court's test for choosing which provisions--along with all the accompanying baggage of decisions interpreting the federal rights--were incorporated changed over time.
The "modern view," as reflected in cases such as Duncan vs Louisiana (1968) is that provisions of the Bill of Rights "fundamental to the American scheme of justice" (such as the right to trial by jury in a serious criminal case) were made applicable to the states by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment whereas other provisions (such as the right to a jury trial in a civil case involving more than $20) were not made applicable.
 
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gjones77 - that's a great summary.

The Court declining to hold the 2nd as incorporated would be a gut punch, but in a lot of ways, it's what we've been living with in terms of some states' assumptions about the 2nd for the last 80 (arguably 130) years.

Without incorporation, only the Federal government would be prohibited by the US Constitution from infringing the 2nd's stated right to keep and bear arms. Not just in DC, but anywhere. We have only just begun to see the subsequent cases Heller is likely to spawn, with or without incorporation.

Without incorporation, states would still be controlled by the terms of their own constitutions with regard to any RKBA. In some states, that would still leave a strong RKBA the state gov could not mess with, and in others it would leave not much of a legal right at all. I.e., a patchwork RKBA, kind of like what we have today, though Heller may well improve things on the Fed side.

Given the legal environment and historical scholarship being brought to bear, the Court is almost certainly going to hold that the 2nd is incorporated, since the precedents they need to overturn were very political, aren't recent, and the weight of evidence is behind incorporation being the intent at the time of the 14th's passage. It seems so certain that Gura decided to go for the current hail-Mary pass of Constitutional law, trying to get them to incorporate it under the Privileges and Immunities Clause; meanwhile the NRA has hedged the bet by offering a counter-track of incorporation under the more "normal" route of the Due Process Clause.

In short, yeah, it's most likely going to be incorporated, either by a running game (NRA brief) or a wild, long throw for a game-changing play (Gura's brief).

Gura's team is interested in a lot more than just the 2nd Amendment -- revitalizing the Privileges and Immunities Clause could be a con law game changer indeed. It's a top goal of legal libertarians. In a way, Gura's angle on this case is a fight between the Cato and Pew views of government.
 
...
In short, yeah, it's most likely going to be incorporated, either by a running game (NRA brief) or a wild, long throw for a game-changing play (Gura's brief).

...

That's my point ...it's very likely to be incorporated because to not do so would make no sense.

I understand the McDonald case and the issues at stake. I believe incorportation is essentially a done deal once you accept Heller and apply reason that there couldn't have been an intent by the current SC to restrict the right to DC (even though they didn't specifically address incorporation).

Again, Wasington state is observing the obvious and ruling accordingly.
 
How is it that the FED can impose it's will on everybody and over everything using the omnipotent interstate commerce clause. But when it comes to a fundamental Constitutional Right there is a question?
 
gjones77 - that's a great summary.

The Court declining to hold the 2nd as incorporated would be a gut punch, but in a lot of ways, it's what we've been living with in terms of some states' assumptions about the 2nd for the last 80 (arguably 130) years.

Without incorporation, only the Federal government would be prohibited by the US Constitution from infringing the 2nd's stated right to keep and bear arms. Not just in DC, but anywhere. We have only just begun to see the subsequent cases Heller is likely to spawn, with or without incorporation.

Without incorporation, states would still be controlled by the terms of their own constitutions with regard to any RKBA. In some states, that would still leave a strong RKBA the state gov could not mess with, and in others it would leave not much of a legal right at all. I.e., a patchwork RKBA, kind of like what we have today, though Heller may well improve things on the Fed side.

Given the legal environment and historical scholarship being brought to bear, the Court is almost certainly going to hold that the 2nd is incorporated, since the precedents they need to overturn were very political, aren't recent, and the weight of evidence is behind incorporation being the intent at the time of the 14th's passage. It seems so certain that Gura decided to go for the current hail-Mary pass of Constitutional law, trying to get them to incorporate it under the Privileges and Immunities Clause; meanwhile the NRA has hedged the bet by offering a counter-track of incorporation under the more "normal" route of the Due Process Clause.

In short, yeah, it's most likely going to be incorporated, either by a running game (NRA brief) or a wild, long throw for a game-changing play (Gura's brief).

Gura's team is interested in a lot more than just the 2nd Amendment -- revitalizing the Privileges and Immunities Clause could be a con law game changer indeed. It's a top goal of legal libertarians. In a way, Gura's angle on this case is a fight between the Cato and Pew views of government.

I won't lie, I would love to see the SCOTUS use the P&I route for this ruling, but I think that by the NRA opening the Due Process clause, they're going to go that route since it allows for a far more narrow ruling in this regard with incorporation.

And in case anyone is unfamiliar with the 14th Amendment, here is the first section, where all of the arguments to be heard in the McDonald vs Chicago case stem from.

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

So, by reading that you can see where each argument comes from.

With privileges & immunities they're arguing that laws that restrict 2A rights violate citizens protection under the 14th Amendment because it abridges privileges afforded to all citizens of the united States (meaning their rights). Why this is such a broad clause is that it would open the door to challenge so many other laws on the books if some one feels it's violating their rights, which isn't inherently bad.

With the Due Process clause they're able to simply say that laws written that violate ones 2A rights violate ones right to life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, meaning that the laws passed were not given due process on an individual basis, making them in violation of the 14th Amendment, so restricting everyone with one over reaching law would deprive every individual their rightful due process. This allows for a more narrow judgment in the sense that it can be written to only apply to the 2A and not open the door to challenge so many other laws, since often life, liberty, or property isn't involved.
 
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How is it that the FED can impose it's will on everybody and over everything using the omnipotent interstate commerce clause. But when it comes to a fundamental Constitutional Right there is a question?

Because we've allowed them to, that and the definition of "Regulate" has been changed completely since the time of the Constitutions writing.

You have to first realize that "to regulate" in the time of the Constitution's writing meant "to make regular", meaning, to make uniform, basically no state was to create laws or regulations that would allow them to charge higher tariffs to one state and charge none to another, or to allow goods and trade with one state, but forbid another from selling or trading goods in their state.

In it's current meaning "regulate" means to control, and that's how the fed is able to use the Interstate Commerce Clause to control various actions of the state.

Now, as for your second question, why are our rights up for debate?

That one is far murkier, as I posted earlier, based on precedence in previous rulings of the SCOTUS, our 1st Ten Amendments (Bill of Rights), only apply on the federal level, meaning the Federal Government can not write laws that restrict those rights, but the states are free to do as they choose, and that is where the 14th Amendment comes into play with regards to incorporation.
 
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If, as some have hypothesized here, that the SCOTUS will incorporate the 2nd Amendment under the P&I clause (either through the NRA's logic or through Gura's), then is it reasonable to assume that the next huge battlefield will be the word "infringed" in the second amendment? If the right to bear arms shall not be infringed, per a literal reading, how/what will the SCOTUS use to decide what laws/regulations/licensure procedures would be considered infringing and which one's wouldn't. What about the so-called disqualifications to get an LTC/carry-permit/etc...?
 
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