One of my not so proud moments was when I fired a .40 out of a .45. To make it worse, I did it twice in the same day.
Don't feel too bad, you're not alone. A few months back I was at the range with my son. We had a bunch of handguns with us, as did a couple of guys next to us on the line. We got to talking and trying each others guns. He expressed an interest in one of my 1911's, so I offered to let him try it. He said he had his own ammo, and he did...the problem was, it was .40 S&W. I knew something was up when the slide failed to eject the case or chamber the next round. The base of the .40 case looked perfectly normal, except the top half of the case had been fireformed to .45 size. It looked even odder than the picture in the OP.
I should have kept that case as a souvenir and a reminder.